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2016年9月國(guo)務院辦公廳發(fa)布(bu)了(le)《關(guan)于(yu)大(da)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)指導意見(jian)》，標(biao)志(zhi)著中國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)業拉開轉型升級的(de)(de)大(da)幕，中國(guo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)將(jiang)迎來井噴(pen)式(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。2017年3月陜西(xi)省(sheng)發(fa)布(bu)了(le)《關(guan)于(yu)大(da)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)實施意見(jian)》,提出了(le)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)占(zhan)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)比例(li)，2020年重點推進(jin)地區要達到(dao)20%以上，2025年全省(sheng)要達到(dao)30%以上。2017年5月西(xi)安(an)市(shi)發(fa)布(bu)了(le)《關(guan)于(yu)加快推進(jin)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)實施方(fang)案的(de)(de)通知》，明確了(le)2018年底前(qian)培育、支持和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)3個以上省(sheng)級建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)產業現(xian)代化生產基地，累計完(wan)成150萬平方(fang)米裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)試(shi)點項目，成功創(chuang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)級建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)產業現(xian)代化示范城市(shi)。到(dao)2020年裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)占(zhan)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)比例(li)達到(dao)30%以上，新開工(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)項目面積累計達到(dao)200萬平方(fang)米等目標(biao)。

一、國內及陜西省裝配式建筑發展現狀

全(quan)國各省市(shi)積極推進(jin)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目落地，新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)模不斷(duan)壯(zhuang)大。據(ju)統計， 2016年(nian)(nian)全(quan)國新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)1.14億平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米，占城鎮新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積的(de)比例(li)為(wei)4.9%，比2015年(nian)(nian)同比增長(chang)57%。2017年(nian)(nian)1～10月，全(quan)國已落實(shi)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目約1.27億平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。與(yu)上海(hai)、北(bei)京(jing)、沈陽等裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發展名列(lie)前(qian)茅的(de)城市(shi)相比，陜西(xi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發展起步較(jiao)晚(wan)，規(gui)模較(jiao)小(xiao)。例(li)如(ru)，上海(hai)2016年(nian)(nian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進(jin)入全(quan)面(mian)(mian)強制(zhi)階段(duan)，落實(shi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)(mian)積1620萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米，走(zou)在了(le)國家前(qian)列(lie)，目前(qian)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)預制(zhi)率已經不小(xiao)于40%，遙遙領先其他省市(shi)。遼寧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目已達2000萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米，其中(zhong)沈陽市(shi)2016年(nian)(nian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)占新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)比例(li)接近30%。而我省裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)模雖進(jin)一(yi)步提高，但距(ju)離實(shi)現裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)發展目標(biao)依舊任重道遠。據(ju)了(le)解，2017年(nian)(nian)全(quan)省裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)新(xin)(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)目124.37萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。其中(zhong)，西(xi)安市(shi)組(zu)織建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)項(xiang)(xiang)目35.36萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。

另外，2017年11月住建(jian)部公布了第一批(pi)30個(ge)(ge)裝配式建(jian)筑示(shi)范城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)和195個(ge)(ge)產業基地(di)。其(qi)中，陜西省沒(mei)有城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)入選(xuan)裝配式建(jian)筑示(shi)范城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)，且僅有2個(ge)(ge)企業入選(xuan)產業基地(di)。

二、存在的主(zhu)要問題

影響裝配(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)發展的(de)因素(su)主要(yao)有：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)與現澆式(shi)(shi)工程比較，裝配(pei)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)整體(ti)成(cheng)本較高。根據測算，混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)預制(zhi)裝配(pei)技術(shu)增(zeng)加建(jian)設(she)成(cheng)本約300-500元/m2，裝配(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)造價通常要(yao)高出10%到(dao)15%。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)工和(he)生產(chan)過程還(huan)存(cun)在一些難點。如各種(zhong)類型的(de)預制(zhi)構件(jian)間的(de)連接方面(mian)，在材料選(xuan)擇和(he)施(shi)工技術(shu)方面(mian)還(huan)不成(cheng)熟；預制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)構件(jian)的(de)標準化、模數化問題有待(dai)進一步解決。與此同(tong)時，對(dui)于裝配(pei)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，國內尚缺乏全(quan)面(mian)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)技術(shu)標準或(huo)規(gui)范可供參考。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由于其設(she)計施(shi)工要(yao)求(qiu)做好前期規(gui)劃，包括工期進度(du)計劃、構件(jian)標準化深化設(she)計等，所以裝配(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)對(dui)從業人員的(de)技術(shu)管理能力和(he)工程實踐經驗要(yao)求(qiu)較高。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)政策手段有待(dai)進一步豐富、力度(du)有待(dai)進一步加強。

三、意見和建(jian)議

裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)筑具有低污(wu)染、低能耗、效率高等特性，為建(jian)筑業綠色轉型(xing)升級和(he)(he)可持續發展提供(gong)了實現途(tu)徑。根據當前發展現狀和(he)(he)影(ying)響因素提出以下(xia)意(yi)見和(he)(he)建(jian)議：

第一(yi)，進一(yi)步豐富政(zheng)策扶持手段、加強扶持力度。在(zai)現有的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓勵政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)可以考慮(lv)以下方式(shi)(shi)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用地保障。例如(ru)成(cheng)都市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)定重大裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設工程部(bu)(bu)品(pin)部(bu)(bu)件生產(chan)項目(mu)，可優先安排年(nian)度建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設用地計劃(hua)指(zhi)標，土地出讓價款可約定分(fen)(fen)期繳納(na)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)稅(shui)(shui)費優惠政(zheng)策。例如(ru)減免增(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)：重慶(qing)市(shi)(shi)和鄭州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)對符合規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)墻(qiang)體材(cai)料(liao)，享受增(zeng)值稅(shui)(shui)即征即退優惠政(zheng)策；減少增(zeng)收所得稅(shui)(shui)：成(cheng)都市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)定裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)企業(ye)經(jing)申請(qing)認定為高(gao)新技術(shu)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，減按(an)15%的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)率征收企業(ye)所得稅(shui)(shui)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)財(cai)政(zheng)支持政(zheng)策，例如(ru)鄭州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)設立裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)展專項資(zi)(zi)金(jin)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海市(shi)(shi)對總(zong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)3萬平(ping)方米(mi)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)且預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)率達45%及以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)住宅項目(mu)，每平(ping)米(mi)補(bu)貼(tie)100元(yuan)，單個(ge)項目(mu)最高(gao)補(bu)貼(tie)1000萬元(yuan)。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)容積(ji)(ji)率補(bu)償政(zheng)策，例如(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)海市(shi)(shi)明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)定裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)開發(fa)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容積(ji)(ji)率補(bu)償三個(ge)百分(fen)(fen)點。湖(hu)南省規(gui)(gui)定疊合墻(qiang)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)厚度不(bu)計入容積(ji)(ji)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算。鄭州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)定對采用裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)技術(shu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品(pin)住房項目(mu),其外墻(qiang)預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)不(bu)計入容積(ji)(ji)率,但(dan)其建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)不(bu)應超過總(zong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)3%。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)支持政(zheng)策，例如(ru)鄭州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)提出裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)可全(quan)額返(fan)(fan)還預(yu)(yu)繳的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)墻(qiang)體材(cai)料(liao)專項基金(jin)。成(cheng)都市(shi)(shi)將預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)墻(qiang)體構件材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用及預(yu)(yu)制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)率作(zuo)為市(shi)(shi)新型(xing)墻(qiang)體材(cai)料(liao)專項基金(jin)返(fan)(fan)退的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要依據。

第二，強化人(ren)才培養與(yu)引進(jin)，營(ying)造良好的(de)發展氛圍。一是由建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設行(xing)政主管部門主導，依(yi)托各(ge)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)院校、研(yan)(yan)究機構、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)企業(ye)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)協(xie)會等建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)裝(zhuang)配式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)培訓基地，專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)門培育相關專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)才。二是要加大產(chan)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)合作力(li)度，重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)人(ren)才培養，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)議在高校開設相關專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)，注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)理論(lun)與(yu)實踐相結合的(de)培養模式(shi)(shi)。三是加快(kuai)研(yan)(yan)究適合裝(zhuang)配式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)用工(gong)管理制度，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)產(chan)業(ye)化技術工(gong)種分類，形成規模化、產(chan)業(ye)化的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)業(ye)化工(gong)人(ren)隊伍。

第三(san)，整合市(shi)場資源，因地制(zhi)宜(yi)發展裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。一是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立完(wan)善裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)的市(shi)場鏈條，通過重組、重新配(pei)(pei)(pei)置、共享的方式，整合在裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行業(ye)這個產(chan)業(ye)鏈上的各(ge)相關單位形(xing)成完(wan)備的產(chan)業(ye)鏈。二是(shi)組建(jian)(jian)(jian)政府各(ge)部門(men)構(gou)成的裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)發展聯席會(hui)議(yi)，培(pei)育(yu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)業(ye)聯盟，有效(xiao)增(zeng)強裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)式建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)推進政策制(zhi)定(ding)和工作協調的力度。

第四，發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)試(shi)點示(shi)范效應，先易后難，逐步推進。一(yi)是(shi)積(ji)極(ji)開(kai)展試(shi)點示(shi)范工作(zuo)，發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)2個國家(jia)產業基地的(de)帶頭作(zuo)用，推動裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)筑及相關構件生產走上規(gui)模(mo)化(hua)、標準(zhun)化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展道路。二是(shi)考慮在保障性住(zhu)房等(deng)全面強制推行裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)筑。從政(zheng)策性工程(cheng)試(shi)點，逐步向商(shang)業化(hua)建(jian)(jian)筑拓展，積(ji)累經驗(yan)，循序漸進的(de)提(ti)升裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)比(bi)例。

第五，進(jin)一(yi)步加強對標(biao)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)和宣傳(chuan)力(li)度。一(yi)是向北(bei)京、上海、沈陽等裝配式建(jian)筑(zhu)發展比較好的城(cheng)市(shi)取經(jing)，盡(jin)快(kuai)建(jian)立(li)完善(shan)技術(shu)體系、標(biao)準體系，學(xue)(xue)習(xi)發展經(jing)驗。目前北(bei)京、深(shen)圳(zhen)、沈陽等均制定了十余(yu)部技術(shu)標(biao)準及(ji)管(guan)理文件。二是進(jin)一(yi)步加大宣傳(chuan)力(li)度，積極宣傳(chuan)了裝配式建(jian)筑(zhu)推進(jin)政策措施、典(dian)型案例和先(xian)進(jin)經(jing)驗，并及(ji)時通報裝配式建(jian)筑(zhu)發展情況。